The combined market value of solar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles (EVs), batteries, electrolysers, and heat pumps grew nearly fourfold, globally, between 2015 and 2023, according to the International Energy Agency, while annual clean energy investments are projected to reach USD 4–5T by 2030.

Emerging markets continue to face significantly higher costs of capital, driven largely by heightened risk perceptions. These pose a critical challenge to achieving equitable and inclusive energy transitions.